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Glossary

Basis weight

The weight of a standard amount of paper cut to a standard size; measured in grams per square metre or pounds.

Biomass fuel

Renewable energy source derived from bark, wood shavings, sawdust and black liquor. Biomass is carbon neutral -- burning it releases the same amount of carbon dioxide it would release if left to decompose.

Brightening

Adding optical brighteners to stock to make pulp/paper appear whiter.

Brightness

A measure of the whiteness of pulp and paper.

Calender

Pressing paper between rollers to make it smooth and glossy. Most calenders add gloss, while some create a dull or matte finish.

Calendered paper

Paper smoothed and compacted by calender rolls.

Caliper

Thickness of paper, usually measured in nanometers.

Capacity

The number of units that can be produced in a year based on operating with the normal number of shifts and maintenance interruptions.

Chemi-thermomechanical pulp (CTMP)

Chemi-mechanical pulp produced by treating wood chips with chemicals (usually sodium sulphite) and steam before mechanical defibration.

Certification

Voluntary process providing objective evidence that forests harvested to manufacture wood and paper products are responsibly managed; independent, third-party experts verify a company's performance against objectives and standards.

Containerboard

Any type of single and multi-ply liner used to make boxes and other containers for shipping materials, and the type of paperboard used to make them up.

Coated paper

The uniform application of a coating yields a more even and closed surface on printing papers, making them suitable for reproducing fine screen artwork. Coating may be applied by separate coaters or on the paper machine.

De-inking

Removing ink from recovered paper by mechanical and chemical means to produce clean fibres.

De-inked pulp (DIP)

Pulp produced by recycling paper; ink is removed by mechanical and chemical means.

Directory paper

Lightweight, uncoated mechanical paper suitable for printing telephone and commerical directory books.

Effluent

Outflowing waste discharge for a pulp and paper mill.

Filler

Pigment added to papermaking stock to reduce cost and improve properties such as opacity and smoothness.

Fine paper

High-quality printing, writing or copy paper produced from chemical pulp and usually containing less than 10% mechanical pulp.

Fully bleached pulp

Pulp bleached to the highest brightness attainable (>90 ISO).

Furnish

A blend of different types of pulps and additives used to manufacture paper.

Grammage

Weight in grams of one square metre of paper or board; also basis weight.

Gravure paper

Mostly mechanical, highly calendered (smoothed) paper that is produced as coated or uncoated grades. It must ensure uniform ink trapping at high printing speeds. In order to accept the ink from the deep etched or engraved ink cells of the gravure cylinders, gravure paper must have a certain degree of softness and suppleness. Applications include magazines and reviews, mail-order and travel catalogues, brochures and inserts with high print runs.

Groundwood (or mechanical) pulp

A fibrous slurry produced by mechanically abrading the fibres from barked logs through forced contact with the surface of a revolving grindstone. It is used extensively in the manufacture of newsprint and publication papers.

Groundwood (or mechanical) paper

Paper made with pulp produced primarily through mechanical pulping processes.

Hi-brite or high-brightness paper

A group of uncoated groundwood papers with brightness levels greater than standard newsprint.

Hog fuel

A mixture of bark and other wood waste usually produced by sawmills; burned to produce energy and steam.

ISO 14001

An international environmental management standard that outlines necessary elements of a management system.

ISO brightness

The brightness of paper and board measured at a wavelength of 457 nanometres under standard conditions.

Kraft paper

High-strength paper made almost entirely of unbleached kraft pulp.

Kraftliner

Paperboard of grammages of 120g and more, generally made from bleached or unbleached sulphate pulp and used as an outer ply in corrugated board.

Lightweight coating

Coating applied at 7-10 g/m2 on one or both sides of the paper.

Lightweight printing paper

Lightweight paper has a low grammage and is made from rags and bleached kraft pulp and is used for advertising material (catalogues, leaflets, mailings etc.), commercial and/or jobbing work (magazines, brochures, instruction leaflets, forms etc.).

Lightweight coated (LWC) paper

Lightweight, two-side coated mechanical reel printing paper with a grammage of less than 72g. It is used for magazines, mail-order catalogues etc. that are mostly produced in gravure or web offset printing.

Linerboard

A type of kraft paperboard, generally unbleached, used to line or face corrugated core board (on both sides) to form shipping boxes and various types of containers.

Magazine paper

The selection of magazine printing paper mainly depends on the print run and demands on the print quality (image reproduction, outer appearance, advertising appeal). High runs are mostly produced in rotogravure, rotary offset printing or rotary letterpress printing on uncoated or coated reel printing papers (mainly SC and LWC). Magazines with medium or smaller circulation are generally produced in sheet-fed offset or sheet-fed letterpress printing.

Mechanical paper

This paper contains mechanical pulp, thermomechanical pulp (TMP) or chemithermo-mechanical pulp (CTMP) and also chemical pulp. The proportions of chemical and mechanical pulp vary depending on the application. Highly mechanical papers such as newsprint tend to yellow more rapidly if exposed to light and oxygen than woodfree papers so they are mainly used for short-lived products.

Mechanical pulp

Pulp consisting of fibres separated entirely by mechanical rather than chemical means.

MF

Machine finished. Smooth paper calendered on the paper machine.

Newsprint

Newsprint is a highly mechanical, machine-finished or calendered rotary printing paper (40-56g) mainly made from mechanical and increasingly waste paper pulps. Used mainly for newspapers, the demands on newsprint in terms of optical properties or printability are lower than those on others, such as coated printing papers. Newsprint must have very good runnability: today's printing techniques require paper with a good tear strength to ensure uninterrupted production on high-speed rotary presses.

Offset paper

Collective term for printing papers with special properties for offset printing. For in-stance, the paper must not emit dust during processing and must be pick resistant. Offset paper may be woodfree or mechanical, coated (matte, glossy, embossed) or uncoated and is processed in sheets as well as in reels.

On-machine coating

Coating paper on the paper machine.

Optical characteristics

Characteristics of the appearance of paper or board. Most important are colour, brightness, opacity and gloss.

Paperboard

Monolayer paperboard is basically thicker paper, frequently used in multi-layers.

Peroxide bleaching

Method of bleaching pulp with hydrogen peroxide to remove lignin; reduces or avoids the need for chlorine dioxide in final bleaching.

Power boiler

Burns wood bark from sawmills to generate electricity and steam for mill operations.

Precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC)

A filler used in paper production to improve paper properties, including brightness, opacity and bulk.

Printability

Describes how smoothly paper runs in a printing press and the quality of the printed image.

Printing paper

Collective term for all printable mechanical or woodfree papers. In addition to uniform and fast ink trapping and drying (printability) as well as dimensional stability, sufficient opacity (no show through) and smoothness, such papers require a certain degree of strength and stiffness so the paper can run through the press quickly and without any problems (runnability). Many printing papers are coated to improve printability.

Pulp

Generic term describing fibre derived from wood by cooking, refining, grinding or processing and cleaning waste paper. Varieties include:

	Bleached pulp - Pulp with natural brightness improved using chemicals
	Chemical pulp - Pulp in which wood fibres have been separated by chemical, rather than mechanical, means
	De-inked pulp (DIP) - Paper pulp produced by de-inking recovered paper
	Kraft pulp - Chemical wood pulp produced by digesting wood through the sulphate process
	Market pulp - Pulp produced for sale on the market rather than internal use
	NBSK (Northern Bleached Softwood Kraft) - One of the chief varieties of market pulp, produced mainly from spruce trees from Scandinavia, Canada and the northeast US
	Thermomechanical Pulp – Pulp produced from wood chips using heated mechanical processes to break the bonds between the wood fibres

Pulp logs

Logs unsuitable for manufacturing timber because they are too small, too knotty, too twisted or contain rot.

Recovered paper

Paper recovered for recycling into new paper products. Recovered paper can be collected from industrial sources (scraps, transport packaging, unsold newspapers) or household collections (old newspapers and magazines, household packaging).

Recovery boiler

Burns byproducts of the chemical pulping process to produce energy and steam and recycles pulping liquors for reuse.

Recycled fibre

Fibre obtained from recovered paper; also known as secondary fibre.

Recycling

Using recovered waste paper to produce new paper products.

Runnability

How smoothly paper runs through a paper machine or printing press.

SC paper

SC stands for supercalendered. This is a calendered, uncoated mechanical paper with fillers.

Soft Calendering (SNC)

Soft calenders are more compact than other calenders and smooth paper by passing it between steel and hard rubber rolls. The method permits a wide variety of finishes between gloss and matte and allows bulk to be retained.

Speciality paper

A term encompassing numerous paper grades, each characterised by particular properties that often require special raw materials.

Strength

Ability of paper or board to withstand mechanical stress.

Supercalendered (SC)

Paper treated in a supercalender, usually separate from the paper machine; uncoated magazine paper.

Supercalendering

Treating paper on an off-machine supercalender to improve smoothness and gloss.

Supplementary fuels

Fuels such as natural gas or oil that are added to the waste wood burned in power boilers to improve combustion.

Surface treatment

Treating the surface of paper or board with size or coating colour.

Surface-sized paper

Paper that has been sized on the surface, generally using a size press inside the paper machine.

Tire-derived fuel (TDF)

Supplemental fuel made by chipping old tires.

Tonne

Metric ton - 1,000 kilograms or 2,204 pounds (1.1023 tons).

Uncoated specialty paper

Uncoated printing papers, with mechanical pulp as their major component, which differ from newsprint in brightness and surface characteristics and are used for magazines, catalogues, supplements, inserts and flyers.

Virgin fibre

Wood fibre never before used to make pulp, paper or board. Also known as primary fibre.

Waste paper

Paper after it has been used. Most can be recycled into new paper products. Also known as recovered paper and secondary fibre.

Winder

Machine for cutting the paper web longitudinally into narrower webs, which are then wound to reels; also slitter-winder.

Wood containing

Paper containing a certain proportion of mechanical pulp.

Woodfree paper

Paper made using the chemical rather than mechanical pulping process. May contain a maximum of 5% mechanical pulp by mass.

Wood waste

Tree bark, poor quality wood chips, sawdust and other clean wood-based waste products that cannot be converted into solid wood products or pulp and paper products; used as fuel to generate steam and electricity.

Writing paper

Uncoated paper suitable for writing with ink on both sides. The writing must neither bleed nor strike through. Writing paper is always fully sized and also suitable for printing. It can be woodfree or mechanical, depending on the intended purpose. The admixture of fillers makes it less translucent.