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Basis weight
The weight of a standard amount of paper cut to a standard size; measured in grams per square metre or pounds.
Biomass fuel
Renewable energy source derived from bark, wood shavings, sawdust and black liquor. Biomass is carbon neutral — burning it releases the same amount of carbon dioxide it would release if left to decompose.
Brightening
Adding optical brighteners to stock to make pulp/paper appear whiter.
Brightness
A measure of the whiteness of pulp and paper.
Calender
Pressing paper between rollers to make it smooth and glossy. Most calenders add gloss, while some create a dull or matte finish.
Calendered paper
Paper smoothed and compacted by calender rolls.
Caliper
Thickness of paper, usually measured in nanometers.
Capacity
The number of units that can be produced in a year based on operating with the normal number of shifts and maintenance interruptions.
Chemi-thermomechanical pulp (CTMP)
Chemi-mechanical pulp produced by treating wood chips with chemicals (usually sodium sulphite) and steam before mechanical defibration.
Certification
Voluntary process providing objective evidence that forests harvested to manufacture wood and paper products are responsibly managed; independent, third-party experts verify a company’s performance against objectives and standards.
Coated paper
The uniform application of a coating yields a more even and closed surface on printing papers, making them suitable for reproducing fine screen artwork. Coating may be applied by separate coaters or on the paper machine.
De-inking
Removing ink from recovered paper by mechanical and chemical means to produce clean fibres.
De-inked pulp (DIP)
Pulp produced by recycling paper; ink is removed by mechanical and chemical means.
Directory paper
Lightweight, uncoated mechanical paper suitable for printing telephone and commerical directory books.
Effluent
Outflowing waste discharge for a pulp and paper mill.
Filler
Pigment added to papermaking stock to reduce cost and improve properties such as opacity and smoothness.
Fine paper
High-quality printing, writing or copy paper produced from chemical pulp and usually containing less than 10% mechanical pulp.
Fully bleached pulp
Pulp bleached to the highest brightness attainable (>90 ISO).
Furnish
A blend of different types of pulps and additives used to manufacture paper.
Grammage
Weight in grams of one square metre of paper or board; also basis weight.
Gravure paper
Mostly mechanical, highly calendered (smoothed) paper that is produced as coated or uncoated grades. It must ensure uniform ink trapping at high printing speeds. In order to accept the ink from the deep etched or engraved ink cells of the gravure cylinders, gravure paper must have a certain degree of softness and suppleness. Applications include magazines and reviews, mail-order and travel catalogues, brochures and inserts with high print runs.
Groundwood (or mechanical) pulp
A fibrous slurry produced by mechanically abrading the fibres from barked logs through forced contact with the surface of a revolving grindstone. It is used extensively in the manufacture of newsprint and publication papers.
Groundwood (or mechanical) paper
Paper made with pulp produced primarily through mechanical pulping processes.
Hi-brite or high-brightness paper
A group of uncoated groundwood papers with brightness levels greater than standard newsprint.
Hog fuel
A mixture of bark and other wood waste usually produced by sawmills; burned to produce energy and steam.
ISO 14001
An international environmental management standard that outlines necessary elements of a management system.
ISO brightness
The brightness of paper and board measured at a wavelength of 457 nanometres under standard conditions.
Lightweight coating
Coating applied at 7-10 g/m2 on one or both sides of the paper.
Lightweight printing paper
Lightweight paper has a low grammage and is made from rags and bleached kraft pulp and is used for advertising material (catalogues, leaflets, mailings etc.), commercial and/or jobbing work (magazines, brochures, instruction leaflets, forms etc.).
Lightweight coated (LWC) paper
Lightweight, two-side coated mechanical reel printing paper with a grammage of less than 72g. It is used for magazines, mail-order catalogues etc. that are mostly produced in gravure or web offset printing.
Magazine paper
The selection of magazine printing paper mainly depends on the print run and demands on the print quality (image reproduction, outer appearance, advertising appeal). High runs are mostly produced in rotogravure, rotary offset printing or rotary letterpress printing on uncoated or coated reel printing papers (mainly SC and LWC). Magazines with medium or smaller circulation are generally produced in sheet-fed offset or sheet-fed letterpress printing.
Mechanical paper
This paper contains mechanical pulp, thermomechanical pulp (TMP) or chemithermo-mechanical pulp (CTMP) and also chemical pulp. The proportions of chemical and mechanical pulp vary depending on the application. Highly mechanical papers such as newsprint tend to yellow more rapidly if exposed to light and oxygen than woodfree papers so they are mainly used for short-lived products.
Mechanical pulp
Pulp consisting of fibres separated entirely by mechanical rather than chemical means.
MF
Machine finished. Smooth paper calendered on the paper machine.
Newsprint
Newsprint is a highly mechanical, machine-finished or calendered rotary printing paper (40-56g) mainly made from mechanical and increasingly waste paper pulps. Used mainly for newspapers, the demands on newsprint in terms of optical properties or printability are lower than those on others, such as coated printing papers. Newsprint must have very good runnability: today’s printing techniques require paper with a good tear strength to ensure uninterrupted production on high-speed rotary presses.
Offset paper
Collective term for printing papers with special properties for offset printing. For instance, the paper must not emit dust during processing and must be pick resistant. Offset paper may be woodfree or mechanical, coated (matte, glossy, embossed) or uncoated and is processed in sheets as well as in reels.
On-machine coating
Coating paper on the paper machine.
Optical characteristics
Characteristics of the appearance of paper or board. Most important are colour, brightness, opacity and gloss.
Peroxide bleaching
Method of bleaching pulp with hydrogen peroxide to remove lignin; reduces or avoids the need for chlorine dioxide in final bleaching.
Power boiler
Burns wood bark from sawmills to generate electricity and steam for mill operations.
Precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC)
A filler used in paper production to improve paper properties, including brightness, opacity and bulk.
Printability
Describes how smoothly paper runs in a printing press and the quality of the printed image.
Printing paper
Collective term for all printable mechanical or woodfree papers. In addition to uniform and fast ink trapping and drying (printability) as well as dimensional stability, sufficient opacity (no show through) and smoothness, such papers require a certain degree of strength and stiffness so the paper can run through the press quickly and without any problems (runnability). Many printing papers are coated to improve printability.
Pulp
Generic term describing fibre derived from wood by cooking, refining, grinding or processing and cleaning waste paper. Varieties include:
- Bleached pulp - Pulp with natural brightness improved using chemicals
- Chemical pulp - Pulp in which wood fibres have been separated by chemical, rather than mechanical, means
- De-inked pulp (DIP) - Paper pulp produced by de-inking recovered paper
- Kraft pulp - Chemical wood pulp produced by digesting wood through the sulphate process
- Market pulp - Pulp produced for sale on the market rather than internal use
- NBSK (Northern Bleached Softwood Kraft) - One of the chief varieties of market pulp, produced mainly from spruce trees from Scandinavia, Canada and the northeast US
- Thermomechanical Pulp – Pulp produced from wood chips using heated mechanical processes to break the bonds between the wood fibres
Pulp logs
Logs unsuitable for manufacturing timber because they are too small, too knotty, too twisted or contain rot.
Recovered paper
Paper recovered for recycling into new paper products. Recovered paper can be collected from industrial sources (scraps, transport packaging, unsold newspapers) or household collections (old newspapers and magazines, household packaging).
Recovery boiler
Burns byproducts of the chemical pulping process to produce energy and steam and recycles pulping liquors for reuse.
Recycled fibre
Fibre obtained from recovered paper; also known as secondary fibre.
Recycling
Using recovered waste paper to produce new paper products.
Runnability
How smoothly paper runs through a paper machine or printing press.
SC paper
SC stands for supercalendered. This is a calendered, uncoated mechanical paper with fillers.
Soft calendering (SNC)
Soft calenders are made more compact than other calenders and smooth paper by passing them between steel and hard rubber rolls. The method permits a wide variety of finishes between gloss and matte and allows bulk to be retained.
Speciality paper
A term encompassing numerous paper grades, each characterised by particular properties that often require special raw materials.
Strength
Ability of paper or board to withstand mechanical stress.
Supercalendered (SC)
Paper treated in a supercalender, usually separate from the paper machine; uncoated magazine paper.
Supercalendering
Treating paper on an off-machine supercalender to improve smoothness and gloss.
Supplementary fuels
Fuels such as natural gas or oil that are added to the waste wood burned in power boilers to improve combustion.
Surface treatment
Treating the surface of paper or board with size or coating colour.
Surface-sized paper
Paper that has been sized on the surface, generally using a size press inside the paper machine.
Tire-derived fuel (TDF)
Supplemental fuel made by chipping old tires.
Tonne
Metric ton - 1,000 kilograms or 2,204 pounds (1.1023 tons).
Uncoated specialty paper
Uncoated printing papers, with mechanical pulp as their major component, which differ from newsprint in brightness and surface characteristics and are used for magazines, catalogues, supplements, inserts and flyers.
Virgin fibre
Wood fibre never before used to make pulp, paper or board. Also known as primary fibre.
Waste paper
Paper after it has been used. Most can be recycled into new paper products. Also known as recovered paper and secondary fibre.
Winder
Machine for cutting the paper web longitudinally into narrower webs, which are then wound to reels; also slitter-winder.
Wood containing
Paper containing a certain proportion of mechanical pulp.
Woodfree paper
Paper made using the chemical rather than mechanical pulping process. May contain a maximum of 5% mechanical pulp by mass.
Wood waste
Tree bark, poor quality wood chips, sawdust and other clean wood-based waste products that cannot be converted into solid wood products or pulp and paper products; used as fuel to generate steam and electricity.
Writing paper
Uncoated paper suitable for writing with ink on both sides. The writing must neither bleed nor strike through. Writing paper is always fully sized and also suitable for printing. It can be woodfree or mechanical, depending on the intended purpose. The admixture of fillers makes it less translucent.
